A Tale of Two SOCs: Insights From Two Red Team Assessments

Advisory at a Glance Title A Tale of Two SOCs: Insights From Two Red Team Assessments Original Publication August 25, 2026 Executive Summary The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) conducted simultaneous red team assessments at two organizations and observed different defensive outcomes. In both environments, the red team achieved full domain compromise and accessed sensitive business systems (SBSs) and cloud resources. Organization A failed to detect or contain the activity, but Organization B rapidly identified initial compromise attempts, isolated affected systems, and forced the red team into an assume breach model. This advisory details the red team’s activity and organizations’ defensive actions, offering lessons learned and mitigations to help critical infrastructure organizations strengthen detection, response, and protections in IT, cloud, and operational technology (OT) environments. Lessons Learned Untuned detection tools lead to missed threats . Without well-defined baselines and alert filtering, false positives and routine alerts overwhelm network defenders. Organizational silos and bureaucratic hurdles prevent effective incident response . Detection tools are only as effective as the people, processes, and procedures supporting them; fragmented communication, unclear responsibilities, and limited defender authority hinder effective incident response. Cloud environments are often an underestimated risk . Organizations often lack security controls for cloud environments and processes for responding to a cloud compromise. Key Actions Establish and continuously maintain a baseline and reduce alert noise by fine tuning. Break down silos and empower network defenders . Implement Conditional Access policies for workload identities and monitor for excessive or unused permissions. Establish and regularly review comprehensive procedures for detecting, remediating, and revoking access/refresh tokens in the event of a cloud compromise. Intended